Paryushana is one of the most significant festivals in Jainism, celebrated with great fervor by Jains around the world. This annual event, marked by fasting, prayers, and introspection, provides an opportunity for Jains to purify their minds and souls.
What is Paryushana?
Paryushana, also known as Paryushan Parva, is an eight-day festival for Shwetambar Jains and a ten-day festival for Digambar Jains. The term "Paryushana" means "coming together" or "abiding," signifying a period of intense spiritual activity and self-discipline. It usually occurs in August or September, depending on the lunar calendar.
The Significance of Paryushana
Paryushana is a time for Jains to engage in deep reflection and penance. The festival emphasizes the three core principles of Jainism: right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct. It is a period dedicated to:
Forgiveness: Seeking forgiveness for past mistakes and forgiving others is a central theme.
Fasting: Observing fasts to purify the body and mind.
Meditation and Prayer: Engaging in spiritual practices to enhance inner peace and clarity.
Self-Discipline: Practicing self-restraint and renouncing worldly pleasures.
Rituals and Practices During Paryushana
Fasting
Fasting is a key component of Paryushana. Jains may undertake various forms of fasting, ranging from complete abstinence from food and water (Santhara) to consuming only boiled water during specific times of the day. The intensity and duration of the fast depend on individual capability and commitment.
Pratikraman
Pratikraman is a ritual of introspection, repentance, and seeking forgiveness. It involves the recitation of prayers and mantras, reflecting on past actions, and expressing remorse for any harm caused to others.
Kalpasutra Reading
For Shwetambar Jains, the reading of the Kalpasutra, an ancient Jain scripture, is a significant ritual. The Kalpasutra recounts the life and teachings of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, and other important figures in Jainism. The public recitation of these scriptures inspires devotion and reinforces the values of Jainism.
Samvatsari
The last day of Paryushana is known as Samvatsari, also called the Day of Universal Forgiveness. On this day, Jains perform Pratikraman and seek forgiveness from friends, family, and even enemies for any wrongs committed intentionally or unintentionally during the year. The phrase "Micchami Dukkadam" (May all my faults be forgiven) is exchanged, embodying the spirit of reconciliation and peace.
Swetambara and Digambara Traditions
While both sects observe Paryushana, their practices differ slightly. Shwetambar Jains emphasize the recitation of the Kalpasutra, whereas Digambar Jains focus on the Das Lakshana Parva, which highlights the ten universal virtues such as forgiveness, humility, and truthfulness.
The Spiritual Essence of Paryushana
Paryushana is not just about external rituals but an inward journey towards self-improvement and spiritual awakening. It is a time to:
Reflect on one's actions: Evaluate past behaviors and strive to improve.
Seek forgiveness: Acknowledge mistakes and make amends.
Strengthen self-control: Practice discipline in thoughts, speech, and actions.
Embrace non-violence: Reinforce the principle of Ahimsa (non-violence) in daily life.
Cultivate compassion: Develop empathy and kindness towards all living beings.
Celebrating Paryushana in Modern Times
In today's fast-paced world, the essence of Paryushana remains relevant. Many Jains, despite their busy schedules, make a conscious effort to observe the festival's practices. Communities come together in temples and homes to participate in collective prayers and rituals, reinforcing a sense of unity and shared purpose.
Technological advancements have also made it easier for Jains globally to stay connected during Paryushana. Online platforms and social media enable live streaming of religious discourses, virtual participation in rituals, and sharing of inspirational content, making it accessible for those who cannot be physically present.
AUTHOR
Pratha Editorial Team
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